Chloride Content and Penetration Resistance of Concrete

Chloride (Cl-), the negatively charged ion of the element chlorine (Cl), can be easily introduced into concrete from both external sources (e.g., deicing salts, seawater, groundwater) and internal sources (e.g., aggregates, mix water, accelerating admixtures). Chloride can deleteriously affect concrete by causing reinforcing steel to corrode and surface paste to deteriorate.

PFAS in New York State

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), used in the production of a wide variety of consumer goods. PFAS have been commonly found in food packaging, household cleaning products, stain repellents, pesticides, and fire-retarding foam.