Chloride Content and Penetration Resistance of Concrete

Chloride (Cl-), the negatively charged ion of the element chlorine (Cl), can be easily introduced into concrete from both external sources (e.g., deicing salts, seawater, groundwater) and internal sources (e.g., aggregates, mix water, accelerating admixtures). Chloride can deleteriously affect concrete by causing reinforcing steel to corrode and surface paste to deteriorate.